Tom Maddox

Tom Maddox (1945-2022) was an American science fiction author and academic closely associated with the early cyberpunk movement. His only novel, Halo (1991), extended the near-future computer-network setting of his short fiction, including the widely anthologized story "Snake Eyes" (1986), which appeared in Bruce Sterling's genre-defining Mirrorshades anthology. Maddox is credited with coining the term "ICE," for Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics, in an unpublished manuscript he shared with his friend William Gibson, who adopted and popularized the acronym in Neuromancer. Maddox later co-wrote two episodes of The X-Files, "Kill Switch" and "First Person Shooter," with Gibson, and taught literary studies at The Evergreen State College in Washington.